This is an awareness of the different levels in the sound system of speech. In particular, learners must have developed phonological awareness and phonemic awareness. In order to become good decoders and spellers, learners need to first develop some basic understandings about print and how it relates to spoken English. The skills used in encoding are usually developed alongside decoding skills and reflect similar learning. Encoding, or spelling, is the reverse process. Decoding means translating written words into the sounds and meanings of spoken words (often silently).
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